Violence against migrants: understanding organized crime beyond violence


Violencia contra migrantes: comprensión del crimen organizado más allá de la violencia


https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2306117

Authors

Keywords:

migrant smuggling, organized crime, violence against migrants, asymmetry

Abstract

This article seeks to explain why there is more violence against migrants and transporters in some regions than in others. We compare the criminal ecosystem (number and type of criminal actors in a territory) and state resilience (a state’s capacity to take measures to combat organized crime) in the Gulf of Urabá (Colombia) and Agadez (Niger), and provide evidence from five other subregions between 2015 and 2022 using data from the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime’s organized crime index. We found that violence is a resource that hierarchically organized groups have more incentive to use against migrants and transporters than smaller or poorly organized criminal groups. The hypothesis targets only violence against migrants and transporters. More work needs to be done to address other forms of organized criminal violence.

Resumen

Este artículo busca explicar por qué hay más violencia contra migrantes y transportistas en algunas regiones que en otras. Para esto, se compararon el ecosistema criminal (número y tipo de actores criminales en un territorio) y la resiliencia estatal (capacidad de un Estado para tomar medidas de combate contra el crimen organizado) en el Golfo del Urabá (Colombia) y Agadez (Níger), y se ofrece evidencia de otras cinco subregiones entre 2015 y 2022 utilizando datos del índice del crimen organizado del Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Se encontró que la violencia es un recurso del que tienen más incentivos los grupos jerárquicamente organizados para utilizar contra migrantes y transportistas que aquellos grupos criminales más pequeños o pobremente organizados. La hipótesis apunta únicamente a la violencia contra migrantes y transportistas. Más trabajo debe ser hecho para abordar otras formas de violencia del crimen organizado.

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2023-03-30

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Author Biographies

Reynell Badillo-Sarmiento

Colombian. Master in international studies from the Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia). Researcher attached to the research group Estudios Globales of the Universidad de los Andes, and the research group Conflictos y Postconflictos desde el Caribe of the Universidad del Norte. Research lines: organized crime, criminal governance and criminal politicization. Recent publication: Badillo, R. & Mijares, V. M. (2021). Politicised crime: causes for the discursive politicisation of organised crime in Latin America. Global Crime, 22(4), 312-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804

Amparo Judith Bravo-Hernández

Colombian. Ph.D. candidate in social sciences from the Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla, Colombia). Professor in the Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales at the Universidad del Norte. Research lines: armed conflict, peace building, foreign policy and security. Recent publication: Trejos Rosero, L. F., Bravo Hernández, A. J. & Badillo Sarmiento, R. (2021). Hacia una comprensión de los múltiples conflictos colombianos: evolución teórica en el análisis de la confrontación armada. Co-Herencia, 18(34), 119-155. https://doi.org/10.17230/co-herencia.18.34.5

Alberto Mercado-Ramos

Colombian. Political scientist with emphasis on government and public policies of the Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla, Colombia). Researcher attached to the research group Política y Región of the same university. Research lines: local governments, quality of life and citizen participation. Recent publication: Trejos Rosero, L. F., Tuirán Sarmiento, Á. A., Badillo Sarmiento, R. A. & Mercado Ramos, A. M. (2020). Gestión administrativa local y paz territorial. Un análisis de las subregiones PDET en el Caribe colombiano. Editorial Universidad del Norte.