Elasticidades de sustitución y separabilidad de los factores productivos de la industria
Elasticities of substitution and functional separability of the maquiladora industry
https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2013.28.a07
Palabras clave:
Elasticidades de sustitución, rendimientos a escala, separabilidad, demanda de factores, maquiladoraResumen
Los estudios sobre la demanda de factores productivos en la industria maquiladora se han concentrado en la demanda de mano de obra. Esta literatura ha avanzado en dos sentidos: especificando modelos dinámicos de demanda laboral; o bien, obteniendo las demandas derivadas a partir de funciones de producción que suponen rendimientos constantes a escala, separabilidad entre los factores productivos o ciertos patrones de sustitución entre ellos. En este artículo estimamos una función de producción translog sin imponer esas restricciones a priori, para determinar si la evidencia brinda sustento para tales supuestos. En particular, analizamos las hipótesis de rendimientos constantes a escala; y las diferentes formas que puede adoptar la separabilidad en una función de producción con tres factores productivos. Empleamos datos que combinan series de tiempo anuales (1990–2006) con corte transversal de nueve sectores económicos de la maquiladora Mexicana. Encontramos que no hay evidencia que soporte los supuestos que se han empleado en los estudios de demandas factoriales con fundamento en la especificación de la tecnología. En particular, encontramos evidencia de rendimientos decrecientes a escala y de que las elasticidades de sustitución entre los factores productivos son todas diferentes. La elasticidad de sustitución estimada entre la mano de obra y el capital es menor a 1; entre la mano de obra y los materiales varía entre 1 y 1.5; mientras que entre el capital y los materiales es mayor a 2.Abstract Previous studies about the demand of productive factors of the Maquiladora Industry have focused in the labor demand. Such literature has advanced in two directions: specifying dynamic models of labor demand; or deriving the demand of productive factors from production functions that assume constant returns to scale, functional separability or certain substitution patterns among them. In this paper we estimate a translog production function without imposing a priori these restrictions. Our objective is to determine whether there is evidence supporting those assumptions. In particular, we analyze the hypotheses of constant returns to scale, and the different forms of functional separability in a three inputs production function. We use data that combines annual time series (1990– 2006) with cross section of nine economic sectors of the Mexican maquiladora. We find no evidence supporting the assumptions that have been used in previous studies of factor demand. Specifically, we find evidence of decreasing returns to scale, and that the elasticities of substitution between the productive factors are all different. The estimated elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is below one; between labor and materials fluctuates between 1 and 1.5; whereas the elasticity of substitution between capital and materials is above 2.
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