Para repensar la profundización democrática: ideales, conceptos y desafíos analíticos
Rethinking the democracy’s deepening: Ideals, concepts and analytical challenges
https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2013.28.a06
Palabras clave:
calidad de la democracia, regímenes políticos, teoría normativa, análisis político, análisis conceptualResumen
Este trabajo tiene como propósito discutir los desafíos conceptuales que enfrenta una teoría de la profundización democrática. En primera instancia se discuten las contribuciones y los límites tanto normativos como analíticos de la noción de “calidad de la democracia”. Enseguida se argumenta que es necesario reconstruir los preceptos asociados con el ideal de la democracia para discernir los ideales regulativos que pueden ser objeto específico de escrutinio. La apuesta consiste en abrir nuevas agendas de investigación en torno a los conceptos que son parte del ideal de una democracia vital y robustecida. Esto implica repensar al menos tres elementos constitutivos del gobierno democrático: la participación, la competencia y el control popular de la acción pública.Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the conceptual frontlines of a theory of the deepening of democracy. First, the contributions and limitations of the literature on the quality of democracy are discussed. Then, it is argued the necessity of reconstructing the principles related to the idea of democracy in order to discern the regulative ideals that should be subjects of empirical scrutiny. The challenge is to open new research agendas centered on those elements that constitute a lively and robust democracy. This will imply the task of rethinking the concepts of participation, political competition, and popular control of public action.
Citas
Austen-Smith, David y Jeffrey Banks (2000), Positive Political Theory I: Collective Preference, Michigan University Press, Ann Arbor.
Bergman, Marcelo y Lawrence Whitehead (2009), Criminalty, Public Securityand the Challenges to Democracy in Latin America, Hellen Kellogg Institute forInternational Studies, University of Notre Dame Press. Notre Dame.
Bovens, Mark (2010), “Two Concepts of Accountability: Accountability as a Virtueand as a Mechanism”, West European Politics, vol. 33, núm. 5, pp. 946-967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.486119
Chambers, Simone (2003), “Deliberate Democratic Theory”, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 5, pp. 307-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085538
Cheibub, José Antonio (2007), Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813344
Christiano, Thomas (2004), “The Authority of Democracy”, Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 12, núm. 3, pp. 266-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00200.x
Christiano, Thomas (1996), The Rule of the Many: Fundamental Issues in Democratic Theory, Westview Press, Boulder Colorado, Estados Unidos.
Collier, David y Steven Levitsky (1997), “Democracies with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research”, World Politics, vol. 49, núm. 3, pp. 430-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009
Collier, David, Fernando Daniel Hidalgo y Andra Olivia Maciuceanu (2006), Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 11, núm. 3, pp. 211-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310600923782
Coppedge, Michael (2007), “Thickening thin Concepts: Issues in Large-N Data Generation”, en G. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Croissant, Aurel y Wolfang Merkel (2004), “Introduction. Democratization in the Early Twentieth-First Century”, Democratization, vol. 11, núm. 5, pp. 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340412331304570
Dahl, Robert (1989), Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Heaven.
Dahl, Robert (1971), Poliarchy: Participation and Opposition, Yale University Press, New Heaven.
Dryzek, John, Bonnie Honig y Anne Phillips (2006), “Introduction”, en J. Dryzek,B. Honig y A. Phillips (coords.), Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ferejohn John y Pasquale Pasquino (2003), “Rule of Democracy and Rule of Law”, en J. M. Maravall y A. Przeworski (eds.), Democracy and The Rule of Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610066.011
Fung, Archon (2006), “Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance”, Public Administration Review, núm. 66, pp. 66-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x
Gallagher, Michael y Paul Mitchell (eds.), (2005). The Politics of Electoral Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199257566.001.0001
Gerring, John y Strom Thacker (2008), A Centripetal Theory of Democratic Governance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756054
Habermas, Jürgen (1998), Facticidad y validez, Trotta, Madrid.
Held, David (2006), Models of Democracy, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Kitschelt, Herbert y Steven Wilkinson (2007), “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction”, en Herbert Kitschelt y Steven Wilkinson (eds.), Patrons, Clientes, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511585869
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Landmann, Todd (2009), Evaluar la calidad de la democracia: una introducción almarco de idea Internacional, (en colaboración con David Betham, Edzia Carvalhoy Stuart Weir), Instituto Internacional para la Democracia y la Asistencia
Electoral, Estocolmo, Suecia.
Levine, Daniel y José Enrique Molina (2007), “La calidad de la democracia en América Latina: una visión comparada”, América Latina Hoy, núm. 45, pp. 17-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/alh.2427
Levitsky, Steven y Lucan A. Way (2010), Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regime After the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781353
Lijphart, Arend (2000), Modelos de democracia, Ariel, Barcelona. Linz, Juan (1994), “Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Makes a Difference?”, en Juan J. Linz y Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Linz, Juan y Alfred Stepan (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801851575
Mainwaring, Scott y Christopher Welna (eds.) (2003), Democratic Accountability in Latin America, Oxford University Press, Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199256373.001.0001
Mainwaring, Scott, Timothy Scully y Jorge Vargas-Cullel (2010), “Measuring Success in Democratic Governance”, en Scott Mainwaring y Timothy Scully (eds.), Democratic Governance in Latin America, Stanford University Press,
Stanford.
Mainwaring, Scott, Daniel Brinks y Aníbal Pérez-Liñán (2007), “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-2004”, en G. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Mainwaring, Scott y Aníbal Pérez-Liñan (2008), “Regimen Legacies and Democratization: Explaining Variance in the Level of Democracy in Latin America, 1978-2004”, documento de trabajo, núm. 354, The Helen Kellog Institute for
International Studies.
Manin, Bernard (1997), The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659935
Manin, Bernard, Adam Prezeworski y Susan Stokes (1999), “Introduction”, en Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes y Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175104
Maravall, José María y Adam Przeworski (eds.) (2003), Democracy and the Rule of Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610066
Mazzuca, Sebastian L. (2007), “Reconceptualizing Democratization: Access to Power Versus Excercise of Power”, en G. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Méndez, Juan E., Paulo Sergio Pinheiro y Guillermo O’Donnell (1999). The (Un) rule of Law & The Underpriviliged in Latin America, Hellen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame.
Morlino, Leonardo (2005), Democracias y democratizaciones, cepcom, México.
Morlino, Leonardo (2011), Changes for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Process, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Munck, Gerardo (2004), “Democratic Politics in Latin America: New Debates and Research Frontiers”, Annual Review of Political Science, núm. 7, pp. 437-462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104725
Munck, Gerardo (2011), “Los estándares de la democracia: hacia una formulación de la cuestión democrática en América Latina”, journal of Democracy en Español, vol. 3, pp. 22-41.
Munck, Gerardo y Jay Verkuilen (2002), “Conceptualizing & Measuring Democracy: Evaluation Alternative Indices”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, núm. 1, pp. 5-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001041400203500101
Nolhen, Dieter (2004), Sistemas electorales y partidos políticos, Fondo de CulturaEconómica, México.
O’Donnell, Guillermo (2004), “Human Development, Human Rights, and Democracy”, en Guillermo O’Donnell, Jorge Vargas-Cullel y Osvaldo Iazzetta (eds.), The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, Hellen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Jorge Vargas-Cullel y Osvaldo Iazzetta (eds.) (2004), The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame.
Plotke, David (1997), “Representation is Democracy”, Constellations, núm. 4, pp. 19-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00033
PNUD (2004), La democracia en América Latina: hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos, pnud, Buenos Aires.
PNUD (2010), Nuestra democracia, pnud, Organización de los Estados Americanos, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.
Powell, Bingham G. Jr. (2004), “Political Representation in Comparative Politics”, Annual Review of Political Science, núm. 7, pp. 273-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.50505/nlmtest4
Powell, Bingham G. Jr. (2000), Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Mayoritarian and Proportional Visions, Yale University Press, Yale.
Przeworski, Adam (1991), Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139172493
Przeworski, Adam (2010), Democracy & the Limits of Self-Government, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778490
Rawls, John (1999), A Theory of Justice, Belknap Harvard University Press, Harvard.
Riker, William (1982), Liberalism Against Populism, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Sartori, Giovanni (1970), “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics”, The American Political Science Review, vol. 64, núm. 4, pp. 1033-1053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1958356
Schedler, Andreas (2006), “The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism”, en A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Lynne Reiner, Boulder Colorado. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685857479
Schumpeter, Joseph (1971), Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Harper Perennial, Nueva York [1950, 3a. edición].
Shugart, Matthew S. y Scott Mainwaring (eds.) (1997), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174800.002
Smith, Graham (2009), Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609848
Urbinati, Nadia y Mark Warren (2008), “The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory”, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 11, pp. 387-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053006.190533
Warren, Mark (1996), “What Should we Expect from More Democracy? Radically Democratic Responses to Politics”, Political Theory, vol. 24, núm 2, pp. 241- 270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591796024002004
Young, Iris Marion (2000), Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Zakaria, Fareed (2003), The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home & Abroad, W.W. Norton & Company, Nueva York.
